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3._transfer_of_skills.pptx | |
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• positive • negative • proactive • retroactive • bilateral • know and understand the ways of optimising the effect of positive transfer • know and understand the ways of limiting the effect of negative transfer.
Positive
The two skills are similar to each other. Mastering one skill, makes the learning of the second skill easier.
It is important that the coach helps the performer to understand the similarities between the two skills, and that the first skill is learnt well so that the transfer to the second skill in easy.
If a skill is broken down and taught in parts, each part must be learned thoroughly before positive transfer can be maximised.
An example of this is a tennis player using their knowledge of a serve to help them learn the overarm serve in volleyball.
It is important that the coach helps the performer to understand the similarities between the two skills, and that the first skill is learnt well so that the transfer to the second skill in easy.
If a skill is broken down and taught in parts, each part must be learned thoroughly before positive transfer can be maximised.
An example of this is a tennis player using their knowledge of a serve to help them learn the overarm serve in volleyball.
Negative
![Picture](/uploads/9/7/9/2/97929464/download1_orig.jpeg)
Negative transfer is rare, and mostly temporary. Often to do with misunderstanding the movement requirements rather than having problems with the movement control.
When the learning of one skill, makes the learning of the second skill difficult.
This happens when a stimulus in both skills, require a different response.
For example, a squash player who takes up tennis may find it difficult to learn to not use their wrist during shots.
Negative transfer can be avoided by making sure the athlete is aware of the differences and making practice sessions similar to match situations to ensure a larger, generalised motor programme.
When the learning of one skill, makes the learning of the second skill difficult.
This happens when a stimulus in both skills, require a different response.
For example, a squash player who takes up tennis may find it difficult to learn to not use their wrist during shots.
Negative transfer can be avoided by making sure the athlete is aware of the differences and making practice sessions similar to match situations to ensure a larger, generalised motor programme.
Proactive
![Picture](/uploads/9/7/9/2/97929464/download2.jpeg?250)
When a previously learned skill influences a skill that is currently being learned. E.g a throwing motor programme learned as a child will later transfer positively and proactively to an over arm bowl in cricket.
Retroactive
Bilateral
This is transfer of learning from one limb to another.
Learning can be transferred from one muscle group to another through a motor programme.
Motor Programme -
MP are generalised series of movements stored in the long term memory, that are retrieved by a single decision.
An example of a MP is a golf swing for an experienced golfer, a basketball dribble or shooting in netball.,
MP are the reason we can perform actions very quickly in sport. Especially closed skills.
Would we be able to catch a ball, if you have to make a decision to move every muscle to do so ? Probably not, as it would take far too long.
Therefore some movements may appear to be outside of our conscious control. This decision is known as open loop control.
Bilateral transfer can occur in two ways:
1 - Cognitive: our understanding of what is required, for example a Rugby player passing the ball to their non-dominant side. They know what they would do with their arms if passing to their dominant side.
2 - Motor Programme is transferred: The movement that you perform with one limb, is used when the other limb is used. You do not have to think about the movement being made, whether on the left or right side.
To learn a skill, and perform the skill with accuracy/perfection using both sides of the body, you should at first learn the skill with the dominant/preferred side, until learnt correctly. Then you should practice the skill with the non-preferred side.
Asymmetrical transfer training is where one limb is trained separately to the other limb.
Symmetrical transfer training is where both limbs/sides of the body are training together.
Once skills are learned in both limbs/on both sides of the body, it is important to continue to practice both limbs regularly so that the performance of the skills on both sides of the body is perfected.
Learning can be transferred from one muscle group to another through a motor programme.
Motor Programme -
MP are generalised series of movements stored in the long term memory, that are retrieved by a single decision.
An example of a MP is a golf swing for an experienced golfer, a basketball dribble or shooting in netball.,
MP are the reason we can perform actions very quickly in sport. Especially closed skills.
Would we be able to catch a ball, if you have to make a decision to move every muscle to do so ? Probably not, as it would take far too long.
Therefore some movements may appear to be outside of our conscious control. This decision is known as open loop control.
Bilateral transfer can occur in two ways:
1 - Cognitive: our understanding of what is required, for example a Rugby player passing the ball to their non-dominant side. They know what they would do with their arms if passing to their dominant side.
2 - Motor Programme is transferred: The movement that you perform with one limb, is used when the other limb is used. You do not have to think about the movement being made, whether on the left or right side.
To learn a skill, and perform the skill with accuracy/perfection using both sides of the body, you should at first learn the skill with the dominant/preferred side, until learnt correctly. Then you should practice the skill with the non-preferred side.
Asymmetrical transfer training is where one limb is trained separately to the other limb.
Symmetrical transfer training is where both limbs/sides of the body are training together.
Once skills are learned in both limbs/on both sides of the body, it is important to continue to practice both limbs regularly so that the performance of the skills on both sides of the body is perfected.